Adam Garfinkle, the editor of The American Interest, asked me this question. He told me that he had met a Saudi who claimed to be an atheist: What does this mean? We know atheism in its Jewish or Christian context, as a rejection of the Biblical God. What would atheism mean in a Muslim, or Hindu, or Buddhist context?<\/p>\n
My short answer is: Yes, Atheism, as we know it, came out of a Judaeo-Christian context. But I would slightly re-phrase Garfinkle\u2019s question. The dichotomy is not western\/non-Western. It is Abrahamic\/non-Abrahamic. It is a rebellion against the monotheistic faiths that originated in the Middle East\u201d\u201cJudaism, Christianity, Islam. It makes much less sense in a non-monotheistic environment.<\/p>\n
The rebellion is triggered by an agonizing problem: How can God, believed to be both all-powerful and morally perfect, permit the suffering and the evil afflicting humanity? This is the problem called theodicy, which literally means the \u201cjustice of God\u201d\u009d; in the spirit of the rebellion it is also a demand that God has to justify himself. The most eloquent expression of this atheist rebellion in literature is by Dostoyevsky\u2019s Ivan Karamazov rejecting God, because he allowed the cruel murder of one child.<\/p>\n